1 00:00:00,04 --> 00:00:09,00 Why should anyone become interested in audio jolly. Well you know what I didn't and. 2 00:00:09,02 --> 00:00:14,74 In general also plate tectonics kind of US important for every single on this planet. 3 00:00:14,95 --> 00:00:25,49 So we would receive mineral resources where there was drinking water whether it's wine or. Rocks for the road. 4 00:00:25,61 --> 00:00:29,48 It's all about geology even diamonds and so forth so. 5 00:00:29,97 --> 00:00:37,86 It's one of the most important ingredients we have in his plan is to get all of you for tourists and the mountains 6 00:00:37,86 --> 00:00:38,72 and so forth. 7 00:00:38,83 --> 00:00:46,02 So I can hardly think about a missing which is not real time to get all the down across study all that he was formed in 8 00:00:46,02 --> 00:00:51,04 the past where we are looking. When you look at mountains in Norway for instance the cell. 9 00:00:51,32 --> 00:00:54,83 Mountain sexily form some four hundred million years ago. 10 00:00:54,89 --> 00:01:03,31 So we're looking at the past every day when you look out your window. It is de caressed her stick of the earth. 11 00:01:03,42 --> 00:01:13,61 It's the curse drakes I think of it. This is why look all planets you know it's to get all of the on the landscape. 12 00:01:13,63 --> 00:01:17,07 Which is to cut tourist takes also for. 13 00:01:17,08 --> 00:01:24,35 What made you become so interested in this type of science while it's probably coincidence what you do in life. 14 00:01:24,65 --> 00:01:32,52 I know when I started studying I I used to prefer mathematics and physics but. 15 00:01:32,98 --> 00:01:38,73 When I started studying I want to do something outside looked in a catalogue one that had big stick. 16 00:01:38,73 --> 00:01:43,84 Catalog which subject you want to study and so forth and I saw what I didn't understand. 17 00:01:43,86 --> 00:01:49,86 It said geophysics it was to A G U K physics understood. 18 00:01:49,88 --> 00:01:56,77 Sawtelle I'll do Dot so but first geophysics very brode I could be better all of your snog of him but also. 19 00:01:57,36 --> 00:02:03,89 Just minute he feels actually started first. Taking courses in oceanography but I got a little bored with that. 20 00:02:04,09 --> 00:02:07,93 So then I switched to what we call geo magnetism and particularly how. 21 00:02:10,09 --> 00:02:15,49 Not so much about the first one of the field today is that how it's been in the past 22 00:02:15,49 --> 00:02:23,52 and how it's perceived up in rocks rocks because it's rocks. They preserve how damning that I feel was in the past. 23 00:02:23,52 --> 00:02:31,6 So that's caught my interest originally. Is there anything specific that you really want to know. Well as a lot. 24 00:02:31,61 --> 00:02:37,2 I want to know. And of course to change through time when you start off when you know very little you know. 25 00:02:38,62 --> 00:02:41,57 It's some sort of incremental but the more you. 26 00:02:41,6 --> 00:02:46,33 That's how I started working maybe just would want a continent and then you want to do more of them 27 00:02:46,33 --> 00:02:50,68 and then you want to do all of them and then you also want to look beneath them. 28 00:02:50,74 --> 00:02:58,31 So what you want to know kind of change with time is as small as you learn there are barriers all the time like ten 29 00:02:58,31 --> 00:03:06,5 years ago many barriers which I know gone and and you're looking for folks for new barriers to solve. 30 00:03:06,52 --> 00:03:10,99 But anything specific at this moment. At this moment. 31 00:03:13,14 --> 00:03:21,37 Well what I mean where we were last decade Israeli too to see how do the mantle below the crust interact with the 32 00:03:21,37 --> 00:03:27,42 plates and so forth. The Dr now. Trying to do something new. 33 00:03:27,46 --> 00:03:31,36 Again you know climate and pallor climate is very popular and 34 00:03:33,06 --> 00:03:40,94 but I really want to try to understand how the climate on planet has changed over a let's say the last billion yes that 35 00:03:40,94 --> 00:03:47,27 the long term variation and not just a short term variation. You know in the last few hundred. 36 00:03:47,53 --> 00:03:55,19 Yeah so a few million Yes I really want to understand what controls to big packed on and. And that's a big challenge. 37 00:03:55,21 --> 00:04:01,71 If you go back in history. Could you give a sort of brief history of. In geological terms direct. 38 00:04:02,24 --> 00:04:08,9 Why does it tend so far you go back to maybe the easiest is to go back to that say Tree hundred million. 39 00:04:08,91 --> 00:04:15,31 Yes that's very short remember the Earth has four point six billion but if you go back to Tree hundred million. 40 00:04:15,32 --> 00:04:20,1 Yes we had what many a familiar we had a super continent. 41 00:04:20,28 --> 00:04:26,62 At that time were most of the continents with just one mass which we called the Pangea. 42 00:04:26,63 --> 00:04:35,3 And we know very well still things we don't know how that's involved true time so it was one continent 43 00:04:37,04 --> 00:04:40,73 and then that say about two hundred million. Yes you go to central Atlantic. 44 00:04:40,74 --> 00:04:43,96 Started starting breaking to supercontinent apart. 45 00:04:44,16 --> 00:04:45,62 So it was North America 46 00:04:45,62 --> 00:04:53,12 and Africa departing from it later on in the South Atlantic open a little younger one hundred 47 00:04:53,12 --> 00:04:58,21 and twenty million yes that's in my part of the world with Norway and. 48 00:04:58,23 --> 00:05:02,58 In the Northeast Atlanta only started some fifty five million Yes ago so. 49 00:05:03,32 --> 00:05:12,1 So we do a lot of research to see how did this supercontinent break apart into why did it break apart just even why did 50 00:05:12,1 --> 00:05:20,17 all the continents assemble into one supercontinent they do that occasionally maybe every half a billion year 51 00:05:20,17 --> 00:05:27,3 or something to come together and they go apart so that's part of some sort of a long term cyclists on our planet. 52 00:05:32,88 --> 00:05:40,16 But let's just get back to the history of Earth and what's so important about Earth 53 00:05:40,16 --> 00:05:44,22 or difference that in terms of our solar system and the other planets. 54 00:05:45,32 --> 00:05:48,53 Well as medicine but again geology Plate Tectonics is unique. 55 00:05:48,55 --> 00:05:56,58 It's the only planet we know in the solar system at least the kind of earth like stony like to what we call the to rest 56 00:05:56,58 --> 00:06:00,7 O. Planets who has plate tectonics. So that makes us different. From from all of them. 57 00:06:01,07 --> 00:06:08,25 What is Plate Tectonics got to simply got to play that we are Plate Tectonics is kind of simple in some way. 58 00:06:08,26 --> 00:06:15,13 If it means we have about a dozen big plates many small plates and they move in relation to each other. 59 00:06:17,2 --> 00:06:22,88 And also where Plate Tectonics all the action should it's on played boundaries where teams goes apart 60 00:06:22,88 --> 00:06:26,9 and we have magma coming up or when things collide one played Go. 61 00:06:27,25 --> 00:06:32,53 You need to not only call it's abduction and you can a big county chain earthquakes alone a modern 62 00:06:32,53 --> 00:06:37,77 but the main thing is all the action you know in terms of seismicity vulcanism 63 00:06:37,78 --> 00:06:44,87 and so forth is happening on the plate boundaries and. No other planets. 64 00:06:45,52 --> 00:06:50,83 That I'm aware of into solar system could be on other planets exoplanets but we don't know. 65 00:06:50,98 --> 00:06:54,3 So we're unique in that way. 66 00:06:54,31 --> 00:07:00,91 And we're here on Iceland and here especially in Iceland you can really sort of almost experience that 67 00:07:01,84 --> 00:07:08,97 when it's kind of double interesting because it's sitting on wanted to play boundaries where all the action is sort of 68 00:07:08,97 --> 00:07:16,81 should be a lot of volcanism but normally. Just to spreading into ocean is beneath sea level but here we are above. 69 00:07:17,39 --> 00:07:19,07 Dust because. 70 00:07:19,09 --> 00:07:22,53 It's not just on a plate boundary wetting spread apart 71 00:07:22,53 --> 00:07:27,68 but we actually have a deep plume coming from very deep in the mountain. 72 00:07:27,84 --> 00:07:30,49 Which is coming almost vertically up 73 00:07:30,49 --> 00:07:37,27 and it's interfering with disparate would it would have played boundary have that's got that's why we get is buoyancy 74 00:07:37,27 --> 00:07:39,72 from beneath and we have this elevation so. 75 00:07:40,32 --> 00:07:48,73 So I swam and one out of place on the planet are unique in the way dot you see this you see sea floor spreading. 76 00:07:49,04 --> 00:07:55,91 It's like dry on land you actually see it instead of being in the ocean so Iceland this is very very special. 77 00:07:57,12 --> 00:08:07,97 And why is plate tectonics so important. Well you know. Well first of all it's visually it's. 78 00:08:07,98 --> 00:08:12,51 Our landscape it's a rock the result of it but also our natural resources. 79 00:08:13,25 --> 00:08:18,67 Basically all of what we consume of of minerals oil and gas and so forth. 80 00:08:19,78 --> 00:08:25,5 Are the product of plate tectonics so without it. There wouldn't be any cars. 81 00:08:26,3 --> 00:08:31,92 We need something to build these tanks and we need something to fuel it maybe in the future we can have autumn means 82 00:08:31,92 --> 00:08:37,09 but still you need you need minerals even if you want to turn it to batteries and so forth. 83 00:08:37,13 --> 00:08:40,96 Yet that's extracted from rocks again and. It's get all a G. 84 00:08:40,96 --> 00:08:46,78 and Plate tectonics to actually in some way you can you can say. 85 00:08:47,76 --> 00:08:51,56 Gives us all the resources to do what we want to understand it. 86 00:08:51,58 --> 00:08:58,69 The strange thing about it is that sort of we are living on a recycling planet in terms of it's continuously changing 87 00:08:58,69 --> 00:09:04,19 continuously changing and that's why when I said Would you mind yachting with that. Yeah. 88 00:09:04,65 --> 00:09:12,95 Yeah so it's that the surface in the landscape because of Plate Tectonics is continuously changing of course it's slow 89 00:09:13,66 --> 00:09:19,37 but let's say over a few hundred million. Yes you have a totally different surface again and. 90 00:09:19,39 --> 00:09:26,64 When you look at the other planets. Do you see you really do old history in the beginning you know you can see. 91 00:09:26,66 --> 00:09:32,29 More than four billions years of history because in the early. 92 00:09:32,31 --> 00:09:36,3 In the early beginning in the solar system plan to reform measure 93 00:09:36,3 --> 00:09:43,00 and you had heavy bombardment impact you have craters I we were and you see them on other planets 94 00:09:43,00 --> 00:09:46,43 but on Earth they all gone because everything has been recycled 95 00:09:47,25 --> 00:09:54,11 and would play to tonic it's being kind of pushed into the mantle when one plate is. Pushed beneath and out of one. 96 00:09:54,87 --> 00:10:01,38 So you know resurfacing the landscape is changing all the time. Like. 97 00:10:01,39 --> 00:10:07,29 In one parrot let's say Greenland was totally underwater now it's above water and all this is changing. 98 00:10:07,4 --> 00:10:10,78 It's a dynamic system all the time. Because of plate tectonics. 99 00:10:11,39 --> 00:10:15,66 What do I say be just be a static system where everything was stuck where they are. 100 00:10:17,15 --> 00:10:23,65 You have been studying plates it's honestly a lot of almost. What do we not know about plate tectonics. 101 00:10:24,21 --> 00:10:29,84 While it's a lot we don't know and. For instance when before. 102 00:10:30,23 --> 00:10:37,75 Plate Tectonics when it was called continental drift which they're going to propose more than one hundred years ago. 103 00:10:37,77 --> 00:10:40,26 Various reasons why people didn't like it 104 00:10:40,26 --> 00:10:46,51 but let's say physicists said for instance all we have no drop what is to drive a mechanism how it is played moving 105 00:10:46,51 --> 00:10:51,3 around. And it's interesting. Even when Plate Tectonics and late sixty's. 106 00:10:51,31 --> 00:10:56,64 It's like people stop asking that question why are what are the driving forces. 107 00:10:57,16 --> 00:11:04,23 And so Plate Tectonics is really just we just look at is a little lead on the planet with just plates 108 00:11:04,23 --> 00:11:05,92 and we can map them out. 109 00:11:05,98 --> 00:11:10,19 We can see how fast they're moving and how to collide we can reconstruct them back in time 110 00:11:10,9 --> 00:11:20,22 but we don't really have a full understanding how this is interacting with the mantle so that's how is to convection in 111 00:11:20,22 --> 00:11:25,97 the mantle Benita place being important in driving duce things but also 112 00:11:26,67 --> 00:11:32,71 when slaps are going in there is also a driving force of from Plate Tectonics itself from a slab going in 113 00:11:32,71 --> 00:11:38,72 and pushing the continents went it so it's this interaction between what is driven from below 114 00:11:38,72 --> 00:11:45,7 and what is driven from the plate itself which would which we don't really know in detail. We don't know why. 115 00:11:45,75 --> 00:11:46,87 No we don't know why. 116 00:11:47,14 --> 00:11:55,11 So that's that's keeps us scientists Bisi you know it's a cool set SEC Korea hostage ribbon you know why. 117 00:11:56,3 --> 00:12:01,4 It's like it's to life on other planets we want to know why it's just. Happening. 118 00:12:01,41 --> 00:12:05,59 Is its sound system and if you can read you have to look at the earth. 119 00:12:05,62 --> 00:12:12,17 I mean you have to corn you know it as if the continents are floating on a sort of heat mass. 120 00:12:12,47 --> 00:12:16,18 Thank you describe a little bit how thick. Should I imagine. 121 00:12:16,2 --> 00:12:22,58 Yes consonant Well normally when we talk about crust it differs. And if you are beneath a continent. 122 00:12:23,23 --> 00:12:28,74 The crust is about thirty five forty kilometer but if you're in the ocean. 123 00:12:28,77 --> 00:12:32,61 It's only May be well under spreading what you'd Serah the whole mountain is coming up 124 00:12:32,61 --> 00:12:35,24 but it's much send about five kilometer or so 125 00:12:35,96 --> 00:12:41,02 but that's not a moving play it's also the upper part of the mantle we call the standards for. 126 00:12:41,45 --> 00:12:50,74 Makes what we call tectonic plates. So you can say to tectonic plates the continental continent. 127 00:12:50,76 --> 00:12:54,15 To twenty plates are about that's a tree hundred kilometer or something. 128 00:12:54,23 --> 00:13:02,59 So that's about to plates and then moving over a part of the mantle because of. The temperature pressure you. 129 00:13:02,61 --> 00:13:10,78 It's more viscous staff so do use more rigid stiff plates can can move on this amount of material. 130 00:13:11,41 --> 00:13:18,4 So you can you can think about a mountain it's slowly convecting system over the last time 131 00:13:19,24 --> 00:13:25,45 but this convection could maybe be in the order of a tree for five centimeter per year. 132 00:13:25,52 --> 00:13:32,29 So it's a slow grinding process. Now we're here in Iceland and here you see that this is you know. 133 00:13:32,65 --> 00:13:55,00 And then given how to drink you know. Well you know if you have a little I don't know. If you want some more. It. 134 00:13:55,77 --> 00:14:05,43 Very good. Is really a long. So we are here in Iceland here it's quite apparent that you know this. 135 00:14:05,63 --> 00:14:14,17 He just didn't ask coming out there actually. Yeah and when I asked when we. 136 00:14:14,19 --> 00:14:20,95 Because of this it's unique because it is what we call the Iceland plume. And also how they are linked. 137 00:14:22,23 --> 00:14:28,47 What to feed back with plate tectonics. What's just been proven so well there is some. 138 00:14:28,49 --> 00:14:30,58 Like I I slam 139 00:14:30,58 --> 00:14:36,94 and how why it's another example maybe I was about some might say it was about fifty of these I don't say maybe about 140 00:14:36,94 --> 00:14:42,93 twenty five of you have these what we call deep plumes who actually come all the way from. 141 00:14:43,58 --> 00:14:47,61 The very deepest mountable two thousand one hundred kilometer down 142 00:14:47,61 --> 00:14:52,63 and we can actually followed we can see them we called seismic tomography 143 00:14:52,63 --> 00:14:57,1 or in that you don't do it using seismology and. 144 00:14:57,7 --> 00:15:04,74 Iceland is one of these who comes all the way and one of the same kind of outstanding problem. 145 00:15:04,77 --> 00:15:09,65 How does dece maybe twenty five or Turkey the plumes how. How do they. 146 00:15:11,52 --> 00:15:17,55 How do they start their journey from the deeper it and how can it influence plate tectonics. 147 00:15:17,66 --> 00:15:25,52 For instance is also one of the outstanding issues that we're working on but we think we are we. 148 00:15:25,62 --> 00:15:34,42 We get so little handle on this is that what you call super Filipinos that originally at the moment is not a super 149 00:15:34,42 --> 00:15:39,96 volcano it's even though it's big and there's a lot of flux in volume but when it started when 150 00:15:39,96 --> 00:15:43,46 when these what we call hot spots my column. 151 00:15:44,55 --> 00:15:47,78 Normally in the literature when they start the first time 152 00:15:47,78 --> 00:15:56,23 when they're wrapped day Devery often linked to us really massive. Popularist you can call them super. 153 00:15:56,25 --> 00:16:05,97 Will Cain zero but in the end. Signs language we. Call them Large Igneous Provinces or lips that's kind of that and. 154 00:16:05,98 --> 00:16:08,76 So when when they first started. It's. 155 00:16:09,43 --> 00:16:15,04 You get a catastrophic now thing of up a mountain and you've got a really big Super Bowl candle 156 00:16:15,04 --> 00:16:22,62 and I still in the hot spot started like that but that's about sixty million years ago. That went down. 157 00:16:22,81 --> 00:16:31,14 He didn't wasn't just confined to it to a little island like Iceland actually covered vast areas of Greenland Scottland 158 00:16:31,15 --> 00:16:37,13 island a little entered in the we didn't show up so it may be had a radius of something like fifteen hundred kilometer 159 00:16:37,13 --> 00:16:44,25 maybe two thousand kilometer So that that's what we call a super volcano and you do not want to be around. 160 00:16:44,27 --> 00:16:52,96 When one of these erupts are still of importance for us about it. Some of or it might happen again. 161 00:16:53,17 --> 00:16:55,71 But let's say in the last five hundred million S. 162 00:16:55,71 --> 00:17:02,48 and There's only Turkey known episodes and the youngest one you find and in North America. 163 00:17:02,98 --> 00:17:06,93 It's called the Columbia River basalts about fifty million years old 164 00:17:06,93 --> 00:17:12,58 but the hot spot it's linked to like Iceland is what we call Yellowstone. 165 00:17:12,6 --> 00:17:21,08 And often they make some sort of dishonest a scenario if you have another yell of sed that Yellowstone is a rap thing 166 00:17:21,08 --> 00:17:29,1 again. But Yellowstone is tiny in terms of aerial distribution which produced as Columbia or super volcano. 167 00:17:30,3 --> 00:17:33,04 Maybe about two hundred thousand square meter. 168 00:17:33,69 --> 00:17:41,69 For comparison one inside very trying to fifty million years ago was five million square meter and that's 169 00:17:41,69 --> 00:17:43,07 when actually affected live. 170 00:17:43,59 --> 00:17:51,4 On only on Earth and maybe ninety percent of all life died because of the super Will Cain so. 171 00:17:52,03 --> 00:17:59,5 If it happens again it's definitely something to worry about the quiet filings probably have some very violent and. 172 00:18:00,04 --> 00:18:12,34 Luckily very aware. It's an interesting specific area is diamonds or a science. Yes that. 173 00:18:12,36 --> 00:18:19,05 And this is kind of linked to the same story we have this. Up I've been working man e S. 174 00:18:19,05 --> 00:18:24,73 Which is hotspots and super volcano us and try to kind of reconstruct them back in time. 175 00:18:26,01 --> 00:18:30,61 And when we did that we noticed they came from certain area us. Deep down. 176 00:18:31,91 --> 00:18:41,19 Maybe started with the dinosaur because I mean yes he's using it now. Yeah yeah so. So Dr Diamond they are so. 177 00:18:41,4 --> 00:18:43,93 You're going to find I'm in sync continental crust 178 00:18:43,93 --> 00:18:49,39 and you're sitting at great depths of course it's you need the right pressure 179 00:18:49,39 --> 00:18:52,58 and temperature to actually get to form a diamond. 180 00:18:52,87 --> 00:18:57,46 So they are sitting at one hundred eighty two hundred kilometer adapt 181 00:18:58,17 --> 00:19:04,68 but they are brought up to the surface by something called Kimball lights which which is also. 182 00:19:04,69 --> 00:19:12,04 It's a flow war material coming from deep it's probably also very deep and then you pick up the diamonds 183 00:19:12,04 --> 00:19:17,99 and bring them to the surface so on the surface you can if you find it will be called Kimball lights. 184 00:19:18,43 --> 00:19:21,57 It's a big circle looks like a crater. 185 00:19:21,59 --> 00:19:26,71 And that's just where all or most of the diamond exploration is because they bring so. 186 00:19:26,94 --> 00:19:34,79 Kimball I select the elevators of diamonds and they come very fast. Because if you bring a diamond up very slowly. 187 00:19:35,26 --> 00:19:42,28 It turned into graphite which we use for a pencil and then it has no value and no real value so direct. 188 00:19:42,94 --> 00:19:48,06 From about one hundred eighty kilometers depth you bring a diamond to the surface. Maybe in three hours. 189 00:19:49,52 --> 00:19:56,11 So you don't want to be it suggests will come very fast it will be a big splash of water and C O two when when 190 00:19:56,11 --> 00:20:03,27 when it's brought to the surface but it's a long time. That. Luckily doesn't happen everyday items. 191 00:20:03,28 --> 00:20:11,03 But in fact you say this filled with diamonds. So my desk and we. 192 00:20:11,04 --> 00:20:13,5 We know where we should find them and 193 00:20:14,44 --> 00:20:22,73 and we have an idea where they should be in relation to the mountain for these these hot hot fluxes to bring them up so 194 00:20:22,73 --> 00:20:31,8 we have a reasonably good idea about where they are and your things you can mind them. Well you know not down there. 195 00:20:31,8 --> 00:20:36,74 How far do you have to go down. Well you have to go two hundred eighty kilometer if you want to mind. 196 00:20:36,76 --> 00:20:46,67 I'm in C two but so we say again nature you know is is doing us a favor. It's bringing peace to things to the surface. 197 00:20:46,69 --> 00:20:55,33 And you also are very deep into a pond you know magnetism. Trying to. 198 00:20:56,06 --> 00:21:04,27 Establish a new revolution in that you know what body oh you know does your body. Plan to go give what is free. 199 00:21:05,57 --> 00:21:11,66 Do you explain what these reflections are and what the next was British and should be. Well. 200 00:21:13,1 --> 00:21:16,71 I always say there are three revolutions and geoscience so far 201 00:21:16,71 --> 00:21:21,45 and it started in one thousand nine hundred nineteen fifteen with very going to and. 202 00:21:21,73 --> 00:21:28,35 But he died very unhappy in the twenty's nobody believed them and. You had to wait to one thousand nine hundred sixty S. 203 00:21:28,35 --> 00:21:33,32 Before. For people to come up this issue again. 204 00:21:33,34 --> 00:21:42,76 When they had a second revolution off a service oriented internet tell shortly what what his wrist producing was empty. 205 00:21:44,51 --> 00:21:52,04 If you. Joy of thought about it when nobody of course knows. That OK. Nobody knows. 206 00:21:52,21 --> 00:21:59,19 Of course what a revolution is are so good to know you just sort of briefly describe it or so. Let me ask this again. 207 00:22:00,04 --> 00:22:09,54 You're a specialized in pounding mechanism and I want to sort of well bring forth a fortune for Lucian in Johnny. 208 00:22:09,55 --> 00:22:11,37 What are those revolutions. 209 00:22:12,33 --> 00:22:19,33 Sort of fresh revolution more than one hundred yes ago about nineteen twelve nineteen fifteen with Vaga and. 210 00:22:19,35 --> 00:22:23,43 What he suggested if you look at our Today the continents are spread around. 211 00:22:24,05 --> 00:22:28,37 So what he said once upon a time but he didn't really say in million yes. 212 00:22:28,77 --> 00:22:36,44 You have to start guessing here he said once upon a time all the continents were together in one super continent 213 00:22:36,44 --> 00:22:41,55 and he could he actually didn't call it Pangea what you know nest was called all 214 00:22:41,55 --> 00:22:45,11 but he called it who continent he was German C. 215 00:22:45,12 --> 00:22:49,41 Said once upon a time to write together and in quite recent time actually. 216 00:22:49,62 --> 00:22:58,43 And what we called tertiary de de de broken parts but he called it continental drift and they just stopped moving. 217 00:22:59,7 --> 00:23:05,66 But you know he didn't know about oceans they were never mapped out what would they look like they were just plowing 218 00:23:05,66 --> 00:23:12,88 through the ocean and driving forces was unknown and so forth that that and that's a real important revolution. 219 00:23:14,71 --> 00:23:20,68 But to understand the oceans too was not just continents that's why this was called continental drift it was messing 220 00:23:20,68 --> 00:23:21,39 about oceans. 221 00:23:22,23 --> 00:23:23,28 But in the early sixty's 222 00:23:23,28 --> 00:23:28,75 when they had mapped out the ocean they saw from the two miter days Saudi's what we now know it's spreading axis 223 00:23:28,75 --> 00:23:30,52 between plates and mapped is out. 224 00:23:30,57 --> 00:23:36,17 So So Def somebody down figured that the might have been magma coming up from the mountain 225 00:23:36,17 --> 00:23:41,64 and pushing plates aside so done you also had this aspect of ocean they wasn't just continent. 226 00:23:41,75 --> 00:23:49,85 It was a mechanism and they've been pushing plates apart and you're pushing the oceans making new. Oceanic crust. 227 00:23:50,32 --> 00:23:54,08 That was in the early sixty's. But it told Revolution. 228 00:23:54,14 --> 00:23:59,33 What we call plate tectonics was actually in the middle eight sixty S and. 229 00:24:00,63 --> 00:24:05,79 And that's what play take to instead of continental drift just comes in is moving around. 230 00:24:05,96 --> 00:24:12,44 It's called plates because it's a mixture of continents and Osi on a crust and they have played boundaries 231 00:24:12,44 --> 00:24:18,13 and they put the mathematics on to describe that you have a rotation pole somewhere 232 00:24:18,13 --> 00:24:21,1 and it's rotating would have been you know. 233 00:24:21,12 --> 00:24:27,7 The last two and so forth and when you got that mathematics on it and you could then you can run it forward. 234 00:24:27,71 --> 00:24:32,88 I could look at Earth today we know how it's moving I can predict what it would look like and fifty million S. 235 00:24:33,67 --> 00:24:40,87 or I can predict go back in time what it did look hundred million years ago and so far so that's was the fourth one 236 00:24:40,87 --> 00:24:49,71 but again. Plate Tectonics is what I will call a second emetics here is just describing what these plates. 237 00:24:49,72 --> 00:24:55,4 Are doing on top but what what I'm interested in what are the driving forces 238 00:24:55,4 --> 00:25:03,06 and how how just they fit in with nice hot spots and plumes you know is to relationship between them 239 00:25:03,06 --> 00:25:06,92 and it's more of making a grand Terry maybe in physics. 240 00:25:07,00 --> 00:25:13,88 You can you know a physicist been dreaming about unifying quantum mechanics with with general relativity. 241 00:25:14,46 --> 00:25:19,23 You know making it into one grand. You know. 242 00:25:19,25 --> 00:25:26,00 Terry you know in some way that's what we want to do with it we want to we want to link to full understanding what's 243 00:25:26,00 --> 00:25:33,42 happening on the surface. What's happening beneath us all these heat and the pollutants and so forth into one unifying. 244 00:25:34,05 --> 00:25:39,57 Terry. So that's where we end. And counted a name. 245 00:25:39,58 --> 00:25:45,12 We're put on this program what we call the ninth of dynamics of we get enough into this as well. 246 00:25:46,71 --> 00:25:53,89 So that's kind of the grand vision. So the sort revolution waltz plate tectonics or. 247 00:25:55,84 --> 00:26:00,31 What that was the third eye was the third one. And therefore it's gone. To be. 248 00:26:00,36 --> 00:26:07,6 That's what we used in a month of dynamics. And that's will be when we fully understand this planet. 249 00:26:07,6 --> 00:26:15,72 Hopefully in my lifetime. Because that's what you want. Yes I want but it's. We still have some way to go. 250 00:26:17,32 --> 00:26:24,66 Suppose you succeed in doing that. What would that mean in terms of humanity in terms of knowing about the earth. 251 00:26:24,67 --> 00:26:33,8 What would mean for us. Well out of what I mean so much for. The normal person in the street. I don't know. 252 00:26:34,65 --> 00:26:41,03 I'm driven by Korea also T. To understand and. Also been interesting in history. I want to see how things change. 253 00:26:41,17 --> 00:26:51,96 And how it will be in the future. But what has you know enormous practical value for for. 254 00:26:51,98 --> 00:26:57,38 The ordinary human being that's a different story but we did learn something about. 255 00:26:57,67 --> 00:27:08,54 Well the future of Europe what way can we learn. It it will. 256 00:27:08,56 --> 00:27:16,72 It everything tells us about the future of the earth and we could have predicted a problem. Do you suffer so. 257 00:27:17,43 --> 00:27:22,87 One from these model we can protect saying that we talk about towns and maybe fifty 258 00:27:22,87 --> 00:27:25,81 and one hundred million US prediction you know so. 259 00:27:26,08 --> 00:27:31,97 So that's why it doesn't have that in the media you know it doesn't have an effect for what's going to happen next. 260 00:27:32,14 --> 00:27:40,57 Jaron accent or if for what we have doing way we're talking about when a time scale which for most humans is you. 261 00:27:40,59 --> 00:27:47,35 You can't count so much so. But a generous thing is you want to relate it to for example climate. 262 00:27:47,52 --> 00:27:55,12 OK I'm saying yes the long term climate is why we've got some reasonably good control and that's where we'll. 263 00:27:55,14 --> 00:28:04,83 We will see how we can understand long term climate because that. Another thing we do not fully understand. 264 00:28:04,85 --> 00:28:15,62 But we want we have well we live in an ice age and in a now do we have. Basically what we are and in a cold or ice. 265 00:28:15,64 --> 00:28:21,51 House conditions. But that's only happened three times in the last six hundred million S. 266 00:28:21,51 --> 00:28:27,95 It's very unusual the way we're talking about global warming and we're afraid of the greenhouse gas 267 00:28:27,95 --> 00:28:30,21 and too much C O two in atmosphere 268 00:28:30,21 --> 00:28:36,08 but that is actually the normal statements for our planet for the last six hundred million. 269 00:28:36,08 --> 00:28:45,82 Yes that has been to normal condition much higher C O two from sea levels but a time much higher warmer. 270 00:28:46,09 --> 00:28:48,88 So we actually live in an judicial time. 271 00:28:49,27 --> 00:28:57,43 Actually to all region wide the planet goes into an ice age it's still heavily debated. Also among. 272 00:28:58,06 --> 00:29:04,05 Climate experts so that's something I would kind of try to get a handle on. 273 00:29:04,99 --> 00:29:08,24 Let's let's recall this you say we are living here. 274 00:29:08,35 --> 00:29:19,09 That's at what you want to act as I feel like to sort of make that into its story you just say we're in an ice age 275 00:29:19,09 --> 00:29:26,8 but it might be interesting can indeed tell because we're in an ice age and in fact it has already happened. 276 00:29:27,59 --> 00:29:36,26 Let me because you say we are in an ice age what do you mean. Well it's generally it's a cold climate. 277 00:29:36,28 --> 00:29:45,4 And also generally know C O two in atmosphere because to to to go into a cold climate or an ice age you. 278 00:29:45,43 --> 00:29:50,85 You need to have low C O two atmospheric C O two. 279 00:29:52,15 --> 00:29:55,26 And that's house and we can see of course 280 00:29:55,26 --> 00:29:59,7 when you are an ice as you find you find in the Glasgow record you you find evidence. 281 00:30:00,04 --> 00:30:06,39 But as you're finding glacial deposits alter and if you look back in time when. 282 00:30:06,41 --> 00:30:08,87 We have to go back to about three hundred million. 283 00:30:09,05 --> 00:30:10,54 Yes when we had the previous one 284 00:30:10,54 --> 00:30:17,17 and before that it's about forty fifty million years so we know from the Gloucester record when you had these things 285 00:30:17,9 --> 00:30:27,64 and climate scientists would without really knowing the reason would simply say oh we have done because we had low C O 286 00:30:27,64 --> 00:30:35,1 two that I'd like to know why did we. Why why do we have just fluctuation in C O two and you know it. 287 00:30:35,19 --> 00:30:41,64 I find as unsatisfactorily just and said oh we've got an ice age because to C O two level was was low. 288 00:30:41,66 --> 00:30:50,35 You know so you had the conditions to to to get glaciers and so forth and so. 289 00:30:50,37 --> 00:30:57,6 That's something I would like to push you because in fact you're saying we're living in an extra ordinary ordinary time 290 00:30:57,6 --> 00:31:00,87 we are really living in extraordinary time. And that's something. 291 00:31:01,36 --> 00:31:10,11 You know in on this debate about manmade climate change should assign a when I try to teach students. 292 00:31:10,96 --> 00:31:17,34 Whether that is correct on authors problems but I also wanted to leave my lecture room with a full understanding. 293 00:31:17,86 --> 00:31:21,05 We live in a very unique time. 294 00:31:21,07 --> 00:31:29,57 And this is not how our planet normally was it was much what we lived in greenhouse condition with much higher C O two 295 00:31:29,57 --> 00:31:34,54 levels could have been ten fifteen times higher than what we have now 296 00:31:35,98 --> 00:31:44,95 and we don't really we don't really understand if C O two fluctuation true time is that something you would like to 297 00:31:44,95 --> 00:31:52,87 serve Christ or that's something and I have a. It's very complicated to do it but again. 298 00:31:52,89 --> 00:31:59,97 Plate Tectonics become important we have to know exactly. Because the distribution of continents. 299 00:32:00,04 --> 00:32:08,03 And oceans through time distribution of where you have subduction sounds and and you. You have volcano us. 300 00:32:08,04 --> 00:32:13,89 As social web because magnetism is an important thing and we have to map it out in detail 301 00:32:13,89 --> 00:32:20,00 and then I have to know I have to know the Paoli Godfrey in super detail have to know where all the played boundaries 302 00:32:20,00 --> 00:32:20,14 Whoa. 303 00:32:20,37 --> 00:32:23,07 How much potential vulcanism can you have 304 00:32:23,07 --> 00:32:29,96 and can we calculate that into two to use it to give an idea about how much C O two is released from this. 305 00:32:30,08 --> 00:32:39,33 So again that needs stream really precise knowledge of how to hug the plates and under distribution of continents 306 00:32:39,33 --> 00:32:46,55 and oceans through time. So that's my big gold and I want to do that for a last belly and yes. Because also. 307 00:32:48,03 --> 00:32:52,01 What we call Precambrian at about seven hundred million. 308 00:32:52,02 --> 00:32:59,87 Yes you go down there are some postulates that actually made the whole earth froze to call it a snowball or it. 309 00:33:00,3 --> 00:33:07,88 Actually dent Tarata even that quatre had to play shows. So that's definitely a very spectacular planet at that time. 310 00:33:08,33 --> 00:33:12,27 It's controversial to toss some evidence just can happened 311 00:33:12,27 --> 00:33:23,96 but it again is typical just to say who we had low C O two level to permit just to do this. So. That's my kind of. 312 00:33:23,97 --> 00:33:33,1 Next goal of say for five five ten years something that I don't need a lot of young. Post-doc Ph D. 313 00:33:33,1 --> 00:33:35,84 Students have to plan his out so 314 00:33:37,19 --> 00:33:44,47 when you surprised by let's say just drank just the earth somehow did that you know you can have all those fluctuations 315 00:33:44,47 --> 00:33:51,95 and it's earth survive something. The dust we know die but the problem. That's so interesting about global warming. 316 00:33:54,67 --> 00:34:01,3 Is that it is going quite fast. You know you every ten Yeah you can follow a curve in. And though the variation. 317 00:34:01,79 --> 00:34:07,45 That sense eleven is quite small compared to you know it on the one hundred million. 318 00:34:07,63 --> 00:34:12,82 Yes you had a sea level was more than two hundred mi to hire that it's called quite fast bits 319 00:34:14,47 --> 00:34:21,11 but if we can get law school time we don't know where we can measure at that position we can to do one hundred year we 320 00:34:21,11 --> 00:34:24,63 could be my date rocks maybe just a million Yes or something. 321 00:34:24,66 --> 00:34:32,39 So it's very hard for us to see how fast actually natural processes are compared to what we can match show right now 322 00:34:32,39 --> 00:34:39,74 since the Industrial Revolution so that I have a feeling the planet is pretty good. 323 00:34:41,07 --> 00:34:46,54 You know how thing itself saving at that dar feedback mechanism if you do something you. 324 00:34:46,58 --> 00:34:56,82 There's a feedback in some system so. So maybe if we are positive it will. Take care of itself unless it goes too fast. 325 00:34:57,11 --> 00:35:01,1 It actually run out of control. It's something you worry or. 326 00:35:01,5 --> 00:35:09,21 I'm not worried about I'm not sleepless about but that's also because many other things on this planet. 327 00:35:09,22 --> 00:35:17,59 You should worry about. I'm not going to ask or. What what. 328 00:35:17,67 --> 00:35:26,05 No but I think that can be overpopulation of running out of resource us and. Sometimes I say you know it. Humans. 329 00:35:26,74 --> 00:35:30,32 Animals normally kill because they have to eat and. 330 00:35:30,34 --> 00:35:37,91 I say humans are probably wanted a fruitless animal you know we sometimes some kill just to kill you know 331 00:35:37,91 --> 00:35:43,75 and I'm more worried about that global warming to be honest. And. 332 00:35:44,44 --> 00:35:53,07 Let's talk a little bit about your institute in the way you say and have your students around 333 00:35:53,07 --> 00:35:59,94 and you have a sort of reputation taking students on a nice trip and make signs nice for. 334 00:36:00,81 --> 00:36:04,94 Yeah but maybe one of the most important for me for me is to. 335 00:36:05,52 --> 00:36:13,99 For educating young and stimulating young post oxen for them to get a grant to me to become a professor themselves so. 336 00:36:15,32 --> 00:36:23,08 So for me it was to social aspect it's not you know you talk to your professor and you close the door 337 00:36:23,08 --> 00:36:29,38 and you don't always been very. To social interaction would students and postdocs so. 338 00:36:29,97 --> 00:36:39,48 So I take them on both Crucis and. Actually we do it at least once a year. And since I'm in Austin. 339 00:36:39,57 --> 00:36:44,77 I would do from Austria to keel in Germany also Copenhagen so but we have conferences 340 00:36:45,99 --> 00:36:51,47 and many times we like to young percent so it's not the old professors there's concerts and a back 341 00:36:51,47 --> 00:36:59,2 and we let a young people run the show and. Feel they're important and we were we always so very social. 342 00:37:00,52 --> 00:37:04,26 And celebrate science also and celebrate science and discuss science 343 00:37:04,26 --> 00:37:12,79 and so forth because the brain never stops working. So. It doesn't switch off at five o'clock. 344 00:37:12,8 --> 00:37:19,35 What about the relation between whiskey and Yalit your tunes you know that's really important minutes. 345 00:37:21,72 --> 00:37:27,18 And says I would train by Scotties get all of this and feel gone it is a very slow. 346 00:37:27,21 --> 00:37:34,72 It is very so social compared to many other sciences. And after a good twelve fourteen hours a day. 347 00:37:34,87 --> 00:37:43,14 So it's good to have a nice single malt whiskey to know. 348 00:37:46,11 --> 00:37:51,54 It's somehow you could say we should know to Earth's history by now. 349 00:37:51,55 --> 00:37:59,59 I mean even studying it for years and years and somehow we do not even seem to be close. 350 00:38:00,04 --> 00:38:09,64 Oh I see I think we get closer. Lisa and what our group are working on I think we met a lot of progress. 351 00:38:10,08 --> 00:38:12,18 A lot of saying. 352 00:38:12,2 --> 00:38:18,11 Only ten years ago I wrote a proposal to solve something and I actually didn't have a clue how to do it 353 00:38:18,11 --> 00:38:25,35 and suddenly out of the blue we. We saw the answers and we moved on and saw. 354 00:38:25,99 --> 00:38:30,68 That's there is a lot of say We don't know a lot of phenomena a lot of studies. 355 00:38:31,37 --> 00:38:35,74 You will never know ever saying and that's done you don't need us any longer. 356 00:38:37,23 --> 00:38:43,93 If we if we know I actually had a professor once who. Very often. Claim to me. 357 00:38:43,95 --> 00:38:48,09 Now I know I was saying and I looked at him and said And if you're retired 358 00:38:48,09 --> 00:38:55,06 and if you know ever say you know what's the point is it's all all this issue. 359 00:38:55,07 --> 00:39:01,55 You don't know who drives us forward and. Careers to drive and science. 360 00:39:03,23 --> 00:39:12,04 You know even seem to have discovered a new continent. That's what I read. Oh did I lost confidence yeah. 361 00:39:12,86 --> 00:39:21,53 Yeah that's kind of. It's a start of a little hobby a really end of the week. We started wondering. 362 00:39:21,55 --> 00:39:27,9 And the Indian Ocean isn't all that. There's a lot of vulcanism and hosp walked and. 363 00:39:28,29 --> 00:39:33,29 Plumes and so forth but we started wondering if they could actually be some continental fragments. 364 00:39:34,43 --> 00:39:37,87 Actually which was buried by these large busts. 365 00:39:37,89 --> 00:39:45,6 So so we discovered the first one and need to Marie to us which is several Cannick island very young. 366 00:39:46,56 --> 00:39:52,72 Only nine million years of love us but we sink now Doris it's partly covering an old continent. 367 00:39:54,4 --> 00:39:59,94 Of continental crust Benita it. And. That can aerated a lot. 368 00:40:00,96 --> 00:40:05,33 For me it was like a hobby project that's all we got 369 00:40:05,33 --> 00:40:10,26 and never got so much media attention because to Sis you know lost continents. 370 00:40:11,8 --> 00:40:16,59 That has some sort of feeling for for people and. Actually got so bad. 371 00:40:16,8 --> 00:40:18,49 Would I was found by journalists 372 00:40:18,49 --> 00:40:31,75 and people wanted to film that I actually had to take three days off I just went home and shocked a phone off. And.. 373 00:40:26,66 --> 00:40:34,35 But it was from some. MEMBER I was interviewed by B.B.C. And they wrote a little story and the next day. 374 00:40:34,9 --> 00:40:43,49 I got an e-mail from B.B.C. and They said wow you got one point six million who clicked on this interview with you. 375 00:40:43,51 --> 00:40:49,3 But then it was the bad news. She said but it was only the second highest you will beaten by the Oscars. 376 00:40:49,41 --> 00:40:56,16 Unfortunately it was to Oscar winners that day that she said we. And also in nature. 377 00:40:58,61 --> 00:41:01,71 That they wrote a little review about our paper 378 00:41:01,71 --> 00:41:09,69 and it was to ten most read paper in Nature that year so I remember we were competing with all other sciences medicine 379 00:41:09,69 --> 00:41:17,09 and whatever you know. Sue we were quite proud of that thing. And the explanation. 380 00:41:17,11 --> 00:41:27,2 Well the explanation is send a little complicated but it's not very complicated. Mary chose today it is simple. 381 00:41:27,25 --> 00:41:30,8 Counting Island sitting out in Indian Ocean but. 382 00:41:30,82 --> 00:41:35,48 If we go back in time this little fragments section apart Madagascar which is. 383 00:41:36,12 --> 00:41:40,49 Towards Africa was a little fragments of the mother Gus covered it. 384 00:41:41,9 --> 00:41:49,8 It was one of these plumes we come in and broke his little piece away and then he was later or covered with lava 385 00:41:49,8 --> 00:41:51,56 and it was just parked in the middle of nowhere 386 00:41:52,83 --> 00:41:59,98 but you know there was one island even even even even Darwin had seen that you know say shout. 387 00:42:00,8 --> 00:42:06,67 You know that's that's an island in the middle of the ocean and that's. That's a continental crust piece of fragments. 388 00:42:06,73 --> 00:42:13,91 But it's not fully it's only partly covered by younger a lot of us so that they were actually walking on real ground I 389 00:42:13,91 --> 00:42:14,32 saw. 390 00:42:14,67 --> 00:42:23,33 So in some way that's kind of sport our interest you know we have this say Shell is a little micro continent in the 391 00:42:23,33 --> 00:42:25,21 middle of nowhere. Could it be more do stuff. 392 00:42:25,9 --> 00:42:35,68 And then we also did a similar story for Iceland where so we introduce another complication twice 393 00:42:35,68 --> 00:42:42,59 and not only it's sitting on a on a plate boundaries breading we have a plume coming all the way from the home of the 394 00:42:42,59 --> 00:42:50,52 boundary. But it's also a piece of continent and fragments beneath Iceland as well just to make it very complicated. 395 00:42:51,6 --> 00:42:59,01 It sounds as if the Earth's crust is just sort of cracked piece of you know all kind of other stuff 396 00:42:59,01 --> 00:43:07,02 but it's the sort of percolate I call it a possible you know you have to get all these pieces together 397 00:43:08,73 --> 00:43:15,25 and I mean morally complicated and I mean but interesting. 398 00:43:17,06 --> 00:43:19,81 Yeah OK I'm going to have some I want to assure you 399 00:43:19,81 --> 00:43:26,82 when you say they did it well there's one thing I think I would like to do one not one that's more an explanation I 400 00:43:26,82 --> 00:43:31,18 think and could you maybe sort of disc. Try to describe how this is working. 401 00:43:31,28 --> 00:43:38,4 I mean in terms of OK you have this first consonants and then you have you know it breaks up and things come up 402 00:43:38,4 --> 00:43:41,49 and they go down just in a sort of brief story 403 00:43:41,49 --> 00:43:51,45 and I do that so could you could you try to describe how actually sort of interest of almost a filmmaker a pose how 404 00:43:51,45 --> 00:43:58,79 this is working. Actually from break up. Oh yeah yeah yeah. So you have Yeah we start with the first continent Yeah. 405 00:44:01,05 --> 00:44:11,35 So you know and so well that the way I look at it is when we had this one supercontinents Tunji. 406 00:44:11,37 --> 00:44:19,69 And they question how do you break it. OK so you have these plates together and the way we look upon it. 407 00:44:20,71 --> 00:44:26,92 This is where this heat from plumes coming from from deep. So that. 408 00:44:26,94 --> 00:44:31,31 So the air coming under neat parts of this super continent. 409 00:44:31,94 --> 00:44:36,36 And actually weak and the crust in the next he breaks things apart 410 00:44:36,36 --> 00:44:42,18 and yeah you might have interrupted maybe it's good to start with the core. OK I'm at the end of it. 411 00:44:42,19 --> 00:44:49,51 Let's take go from the inside out. Yeah OK just as a sort of you have an idea. OK so on. 412 00:44:51,5 --> 00:44:56,39 In a very deep mantle on the core on top of the core they're actually there are. 413 00:44:57,06 --> 00:45:06,8 But what we have found are the two areas of of Hotta material that don't like rocks so why are probably very primordial 414 00:45:06,8 --> 00:45:15,11 Nemi from the origin of the planet and. From these from them. Audience of these piles of material. 415 00:45:15,15 --> 00:45:27,14 This is where he's proves develop like to I simply. So and they get triggered by some mechanism. So they start slowly. 416 00:45:27,16 --> 00:45:31,57 Ascending and that's a very slow process that could be twenty to thirty million years. 417 00:45:32,08 --> 00:45:41,2 When when they reach the surface. And they're hotter than normal now. It leads to a catastrophic nothing. 418 00:45:41,67 --> 00:45:48,26 And they find themselves into cracks and so forth and actually breaks plate apart is how we look upon. 419 00:45:48,87 --> 00:45:54,97 How do these plumes are coming slowly are up and they break plates apart. 420 00:45:55,49 --> 00:46:02,82 So that's how we would and that's probably how you broke this. Supercontinent the path because it. 421 00:46:02,86 --> 00:46:09,66 It wasn't didn't break all at once it was in different areas and you can also why did it start there 422 00:46:09,66 --> 00:46:17,17 and not there in the before before it breaks like five million years before that they were always hit by one of these. 423 00:46:17,19 --> 00:46:19,15 These troops which came from there. 424 00:46:19,15 --> 00:46:25,05 So this is where does he see it weakens the litter sphere and breaks to surface plates. 425 00:46:25,28 --> 00:46:31,09 So there you see the interaction of how process in the mantle heat coming and plumes 426 00:46:31,99 --> 00:46:37,57 and how they actually they modified a played boundary to make new played boundaries and break them apart 427 00:46:37,57 --> 00:46:46,54 and start driving it but we don't know all the details but a kind of. And then the feedback back again. 428 00:46:46,54 --> 00:46:47,76 So these things are going on 429 00:46:47,76 --> 00:46:55,51 and then you have material which is which is subducting into the mantle which is slowly sinking. 430 00:46:55,53 --> 00:47:02,54 What we call slabs that's very slow might take hundred fifty million years before it's reached lower 431 00:47:02,54 --> 00:47:08,51 and that could actually be the triggering to disapproves because it's colder material coming down 432 00:47:08,51 --> 00:47:16,87 and it triggers along these margin of these old Ressa was it triggers makes some turmoil instabilities and. 433 00:47:17,12 --> 00:47:28,02 And makes this thing rise but of course all this is modeling is Terry nobody has been. So different opinion on this. 434 00:47:28,33 --> 00:47:34,86 I have my opinion so. That's why I move on and go to climate gate. 435 00:47:34,88 --> 00:47:39,26 And the other thing is could you sort of give the idea of this recycling 436 00:47:39,26 --> 00:47:47,45 and changing continuously changing of the earth's crust and just let's say just service of the earth. Yes so what. 437 00:47:49,08 --> 00:47:52,59 First of all all the sea floor is recycle all the time. 438 00:47:52,59 --> 00:47:59,86 Remember And if you look at planet Earth to try out a planet is water just centrally where you have sea floor all. 439 00:48:00,04 --> 00:48:02,2 Of that get subducted into the mountain. 440 00:48:02,52 --> 00:48:07,29 So the old it's given an example the old A sea floor when you look at a planet today. 441 00:48:07,43 --> 00:48:13,48 It's about one hundred eighty million asses and everything older than that has been recycled 442 00:48:13,48 --> 00:48:15,3 and pushed into the mountain 443 00:48:15,3 --> 00:48:22,54 when it comes to the continents to do as they damn well buoyant they don't really want to be pushed down into the 444 00:48:22,54 --> 00:48:26,28 mountains so the day you see that fact that. 445 00:48:26,29 --> 00:48:32,78 You feel you find mountain buildings like him say India collided with a sea and you. 446 00:48:32,94 --> 00:48:38,48 You see the mountain building to death to deformed rocks. And the structure so. 447 00:48:39,16 --> 00:48:46,66 But the most dramatic it's actually since the plan is to try to use oceans to that. 448 00:48:46,86 --> 00:48:54,03 Get recycled all the time so the oldest one we can look at in the oceans today It's hundred eighteen of a hundred 449 00:48:54,03 --> 00:48:57,00 and ninety min and yet that's tiny and. 450 00:48:57,23 --> 00:49:04,52 It's like I said some less than ten percent of Earth's history so and that makes it trouble for us because 451 00:49:04,52 --> 00:49:07,12 when I make Plate Tectonic model which old 452 00:49:07,12 --> 00:49:14,78 and to in a minute if I have to make up the ocean because I need plates I have to make artificial spreading in some 453 00:49:14,78 --> 00:49:21,64 sort of which makes sense to me so and that will cause us a strong component of Phillip's of him. 454 00:49:21,72 --> 00:49:26,47 We just have to obey certain physical laws and Yamato and so forth 455 00:49:26,47 --> 00:49:33,21 but you are basically a little down beyond the ice when it's older than twenty minutes. If it you're studying. 456 00:49:33,89 --> 00:49:39,41 Recyclability of stone. Yeah yeah. So I said it's a big problem. 457 00:49:39,41 --> 00:49:46,7 So Plate Tectonics is troublesome for a loop Koester is it is recycling all the time. And it's very very hard. 458 00:49:46,91 --> 00:49:52,94 That's why I'm my dream is maybe to understand in some detail that for a billion yes 459 00:49:52,94 --> 00:49:59,98 but of course a lot of that have to make up because all the oceans. Recycle all the time. So I only I left with a. 460 00:50:00,04 --> 00:50:05,62 This one target of planets the continental crust which is deformed in various processes 461 00:50:06,76 --> 00:50:12,12 and that's because that's where I have to see to sink in those two. To reconstruct a planet. 462 00:50:12,13 --> 00:50:14,4 So your plan had a billion years. 463 00:50:14,78 --> 00:50:20,17 Your plan adds I plan a billion yes at least and I think that's about twenty five percent about history 464 00:50:21,11 --> 00:50:28,96 and I think that sets. There are people who try to go further but it becomes very fragmented and. Very little day. 465 00:50:31,84 --> 00:50:37,39 So what about Iceland. Should you imagine this column called Iceland. 466 00:50:37,54 --> 00:50:44,92 Yeah but again it's a little special because normally if if we were on the sea floor now and on them. 467 00:50:45,07 --> 00:50:52,74 It's spreading boundary you would only make crust maybe five ten kilometer SEC And of course. 468 00:50:53,34 --> 00:51:00,8 Iceland is actually much ticket because it has just extra plumes so to sickness here can be extreme up to it's not just 469 00:51:00,8 --> 00:51:07,33 tell it's a sensing it is bubbling beneath you actually mean extreme sick pile of lava which could be maybe up to 470 00:51:08,85 --> 00:51:15,32 twenty five forty kilometers some plans of it's actually almost like continental crust because you got so much input a 471 00:51:15,32 --> 00:51:24,65 lot of it has been piling on top in the top so so say hey you have a very very very sick pile of lava. But of course. 472 00:51:24,67 --> 00:51:28,34 In areas where you have to rifting today. 473 00:51:28,36 --> 00:51:37,14 Not fall down day you're do have bubbling lava you know just waiting to explode 474 00:51:37,14 --> 00:51:45,07 and decompression come up so you sometimes call it the pumping station you sometimes call it the plumbing. Yeah. 475 00:51:45,08 --> 00:51:53,31 Because well it's it's a very complicated system of the way you have much rest of our own chamber and. 476 00:51:53,78 --> 00:51:59,28 You don't always know how it's going to find its way to the surface but here in Iceland where. 477 00:52:00,04 --> 00:52:04,04 We do a pretty good where the dome and central Canucks are 478 00:52:04,04 --> 00:52:09,19 and you know that's where you can see that on a good Trammel fields 479 00:52:09,19 --> 00:52:15,52 and they can use that to turn it into electricity so. That's what I do with them but look. 480 00:52:16,19 --> 00:52:25,82 Most people wouldn't build a power station on top of all kind of but you know they do it. Used to. Well it's. 481 00:52:26,12 --> 00:52:30,61 Iceland is it. It's their life. 482 00:52:30,68 --> 00:52:38,19 You never know what's going to happen some but they have experienced it from towers and you know it is island 483 00:52:38,91 --> 00:52:47,35 and used to it and it's still prospecting but again you see they take advantage so Plate Tectonics. 484 00:52:47,37 --> 00:52:50,38 Because you have his height. Tell me a gradient would profit and. 485 00:52:50,78 --> 00:52:59,43 You know groundwater reaching very fast two hundred degrees. So it's interesting about normal. If you were. 486 00:52:59,45 --> 00:53:00,04 And Norway 487 00:53:00,04 --> 00:53:05,36 or in a normal place you would have to drill one kilometer to get to target a degree you know it's got talk to 488 00:53:05,36 --> 00:53:06,71 when you drill down. 489 00:53:06,73 --> 00:53:16,5 It's kind of normal gradient it's total degrees per kilometer but in places said I drilled two hundred metres 490 00:53:16,5 --> 00:53:20,93 and it was two hundred fifty degrees so. You get an idea. 491 00:53:20,94 --> 00:53:32,03 There are some heat sources down there which is that's how we benefit. Yes so we benefit. OK All right. 492 00:53:32,3 --> 00:53:38,6 That's all there. My my imagination Yeah. So it's where the crest fell five kilometers. 493 00:53:38,61 --> 00:53:41,87 Yeah down to a value so you know yes it's already rest. 494 00:53:41,94 --> 00:53:48,74 Yeah yeah because you're very close on plenty of the other way you're to know your story 495 00:53:48,74 --> 00:53:56,78 and you know it's you know it's sad will be more around and this is just it's more into surface 496 00:53:56,78 --> 00:53:59,31 when it's it's going through decompression and. 497 00:54:00,04 --> 00:54:06,83 And a very deep for it's just some slowish more it's for probably a few hundred degrees hotter. 498 00:54:07,76 --> 00:54:13,41 So it's just can't be too hot to see if you if you're a diamond to bring them up. 499 00:54:14,62 --> 00:54:22,67 You cannot come with it if you put a diamond in to use. You know in a live Will Cain or you will ruin it. 500 00:54:22,76 --> 00:54:24,45 Your dad will research it has to be.